Porous Piezoelectric Ceramics - A historical overview

A brief review of porosity origin, microstructure peculiarities, fabrication methods, and mathematical models, as well as experimental data for different porous piezoceramics were presented. Critical comparison of FEM calculations with the results of various approximated formulas, unit cell models, and experimental data for porous piezoceramics was carried out. Complex sets of elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients of porous ceramics were presented. The results of SEM microstructure analysis and microstructure-properties interrelations were discussed. A recent advances in fabrication methods of nano- and microporous piezoceramics and ceramic piezocomposites are discussed.