Semi-Deterministic Propagation Model for Subterranean Galleries and Tunnels

A three-dimensional, semi-deterministic model for wave propagation in subterranean galleries and tunnels is introduced. The model uses a combination of deterministic ray-launching techniques and a stochastic approach to provide efficient predictions that avoid complex calculations of electromagnetic phenomena while preserving the ability to consider reflection, absorption and penetration, as well as diffuse scattering. There is no need to provide a precise definition of the walls in terms of their material electrical parameters and roughness. The wall properties are efficiently described using just three probabilistic parameters that can be calibrated by measurements. Experimental data for three various subterranean scenarios were used to validate the model's functionality. The scenarios were chosen with regard to validating the model function for different frequencies, cross-sections, lengths and shapes.