Solving multi-scale low frequency electromagnetic problems

In this paper, we will discuss two methods to tackle the low-frequency, multi-scale electromagnetics problem. First we will discuss the augmented electric field integral equation (AEFIE), and then, we will discuss the equivalence principle algorithm (EPA). The AEFIE allows the solution of such problems without the need to perform a loop search of a complex structure. The EPA allows the separation of circuit physics from wave physics in a multiscale problem. Hybridization of these two methods will be discussed.