Surface Engineering of Graphene-Enzyme Nanocomposites for Miniaturized Biofuel Cell

A novel approach to the surface functionalization for membraneless enzymatic glucose/oxygen biofuel cell applications is described. The biofuel cell employs the gold plate electrodes modified by specific graphene-enzyme conjugations, which are immobilized by electrochemical deposition of the conducting polypyrrole polymer. The electrochemical activity of these electrodes is superior to the electrodes immobilized with sol-gel. Such enhancements can be attributed to the excellent electrical property and enzyme loading capability of the polypyrrole material. The power output and the biostability of the integrated biofuel cell are also improved.