A power based time domain passivity control for haptic interfaces

In this paper, a power based time domain passivity control is presented. Compared to the energy based time domain passivity control, integration is not needed in the calculation and the energy estimation error is avoided. The new passivity observer (PO) distributes the activation of the passivity controller (PC) along the time index and helps to smooth the output of the PC. Applications of the approach to haptic interfaces are simulated. Comparisons with the two existing energy based approaches are made. Simulation results show the computational simplicity and effectiveness of the approach.