Real-time modeling of distributed plug-in vehicles for V2G transactions

A real-time model of a fleet of plug-in vehicles performing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power transactions is presented in this paper. Two sets of four vehicles are connected to both the grid and to each other though a short transmission line. The real-time modeling is carried out on a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). This setup allows for two different case studies with either two distributed sets of four individual vehicles or two smart parking lots with several vehicles. Output power levels and charge/discharge times are scheduled intelligently in order to maximize profits from grid transactions based on one-day ahead electricity pricing. The effects of grid faults on V2G operations are presented.