A universal formalization of the effects of threshold voltages for discrete switch-level circuit models

In most discrete switch-level circuit models, switches, or transistors, are assumed to be perfect. That is, the effects of threshold voltages on signals are neglected in the discrete description of circuit behavior. In the formalization presented in this paper, the effects of imperfection of switches can be calculated separately from the abstracted circuit behavior. Furthermore, this formalization can be used in most existing discrete switch-level models, and leads to a more general and more accurate description of circuit behavior.