A Programmable 25-MHz to 6-GHz $K/L$ Frequency Multiplier With Digital $K_{\rm vco}$ Compensation

A programmable rational-K/L frequency multiplier that can synthesize any frequency between 25 MHz and 6 GHz from an input clock ranging from 1 to 5.5 GHz is presented. The architecture employs a fractional-
N
input clock divider followed by a fractional-
N
PLL. In contrast to conventional architectures, this allows large
K
and
L
, whose maximum values are limited only by the word-length of digital SigmaDelta modulators. Additionally, to alleviate large
K

_vco
variation and fractional spurs, which are inevitable in wide tuning range VCOs and fractional-
N
synthesizers, new compensation techniques are implemented without involving additional circuitry. This is an ideal solution to support a programmable serializer/deserializer on a field-programmable gate array.