Cyberpandemics: History, Inevitability, Response

As cyberspace has evolved into a large, dynamic, and tangled web of computing devices, engineers often fail to design in dependability properties-such as stability, robustness, and security-at the system level. Consequently, unintentional and malevolent actions taken in cyberspace have affected critical infrastructures in the physical world. These disturbances and systems' resultant undependable behavior can progress and spread like infectious disease-like cyberpandemics.