5D-5 Tailored Single Crystal Orientations for Improved Tonpilz Transducer Performance

Various transverse length extensional modes of single crystal piezoelectrics were evaluated for high power capabilities and compared with the longitudinal "33" mode. Both bar and tube geometries, and d
₃₁
and d
₃₂
piezoelectric modes were explored. The elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties were evaluated under dynamic conditions using a matrix of stress, temperature and electric field conditions. Crystallographic orientation significantly affected domain stability; poling along the lang001rang axis showed a higher phase transition point, relative to stress and temperature, than the lang110rang orientation. The optimized transverse mode (d
₃₁
) showed significantly improved properties due to the orthogonal relationship between electric field and pre-stress; strains over 0.2% were recorded