Radar Electronic Counter-Countermeasures

Employment of electronic countermeasures (ECM) against radars make the use of electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) in the radar a necessity. ECCM techniques have evolved over the last several decades. Many ECCM techniques have been described in the open literature. Unfortunately, there have been no recent comprehensive survey papers on this topic. This paper defines ECCM and the various parts of electronic warfare (EW) and shows the interrelationships between these parts. Principal effects of the parts of EW are described as a prelude to discussion of ECCM. ECCM techniques are described under two categories: electronic 3nd operational. Electronic ECCM's are presented as those in the transmitter, the antenna, the receiver-signal processor, and in the system. Typical ECCM techniques in each part of the radar are listed. An ECM-ECCM matrix which lists some typical ECCM's for representative ECMs is given. Assessment of the efficacy of ECCM techniques is briefly treated. A bibliography of studies containing descriptions of many of the approximately 150 ECCM techniques listed is included.