External network modeling-recent practical experience

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a set of short notes on practical experience in external network modeling at a number of utility control centers. The introduction provides a framework for the rest of the short notes by discussing network representation, modeling issues, unobservable internal models versus unreduced external models, and data for the unobservable network. The first short note discusses the solution methods consisting of power now, one pass state estimate (SE), and two pass SE. The remaining short notes discuss practical experience on external network modeling at a number of utility control centers. The last short note describes techniques for developing REI equivalents.<>