A straightforward frequency-estimation technique for GPS carrier-phase time transfer

Although Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase time transfer (GPSCPTT) offers frequency stability approaching I0
^-15
at averaging times of 1 d, a discontinuity occurs in the time-transfer estimates between the end of one processing batch (1-3 d in length) and the beginning of the next. The average frequency over a multiday analysis period often has been computed by first estimating and removing these discontinuities, i.e., through concatenation. We present a new frequency-estimation technique in which frequencies are computed from the individual batches then averaged to obtain the mean frequency for a multiday period. This allows the frequency to be computed without the uncertainty associated with the removal of the discontinuities and requires fewer computational resources. The new technique was tested by comparing the fractional frequency-difference values it yields to those obtained using a GPSCPTT concatenation method and those obtained using two-way satellite time-and-frequency transfer (TWSTFT). The clocks studied were located in Braunschweig, Germany, and in Boulder, CO. The frequencies obtained from the GPSCPTT measurements using either method agreed with those obtained from TWSTFT at several parts in 10
¹⁶
. The frequency values obtained from the GPSCPTT data by use of the new method agreed with those obtained using the concatenation technique at 1 - 4 middot 10
^-16
.