Review of the design and performance features of HVDC systems connected to low short circuit ratio AC systems

The design and performance features of ten high-voltage DC systems are discussed. All of these systems were connected to AC systems that were relatively weak compared to the rating of the DC system. Six of these systems were back-to-back, two were overhead lines, and two were undersea cable connections. AC and DC system interaction problems and how they are addressed in the design and specification of each of these systems are described.<
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