High-performance liquid metal cooling loops

We present a single-phase liquid cooling technology that exploits the highly conducting nature and superior thermophysical properties of liquid metals to cool high density power sources (>200 Wcm/sup -2/) with very high heat transfer coefficients (/spl sim/20 Wcm/sup -2/K/sup -1/), and pump the liquid metals using power-efficient, non-moving, gravity/orientation independent magnetofluiddynamic (MFD) pumps. We have implemented and characterized this cooling scheme using miniature (<5 cm/sup 3/) pumps operating at 25 kPa maximum pressure head and 10% efficiencies in a variety of computing applications including mobile notebooks, desktops, and servers.