In-situ video-electrochemical measurements of coalescence of emulsions

Applications of voltages more than 0.9 V to oil-in-water emulsions caused coalescence of ferrocene-included oil droplets on the electrode surface. The coalescence was observed with a video-microscope, and the video was transformed into a time-sequential variable representing time-variations of patterns. The contact angle of one oil droplet on the electrode was evaluated in the aqueous solution for various electrode potentials.