Modal characteristics of anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Investigation of the design constraints of ARROW ( anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide) VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) for stable single mode operation is presented. A simple transfer matrix method is used to analyze the modal characteristics of ARROW VCSELs with the influence of spatial hole burning. The wave equations and rate equations of carrier concentration and photon density are solved self-consistently to study the mechanisms of mode competition.