An Experimental Comparison of Passive Heatsink and Active Water-based Cooling Methods for Photovoltaic (PV) Module Performance Enhancement

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are frequently employed to harness solar energy. However, fluctuations in temperature reduce their effectiveness. This study evaluates the passive heatsink and active water-cooled methods to enhance photovoltaic panel efficiency. Temperature control, voltage, current, power generation, and efficiency were analysed in experiments. The economical, low-maintenance passive heatsink cooling technology use natural convection to dissipate heat. The active water-cooled system utilises water circulation for enhanced temperature regulation, but requiring greater resources. Both methods enhance photovoltaic panel performance. However, active cooling consistently reduces panel temperatures and improves electrical output during peak solar exposure. At noon, active cooling achieved over 75% temperature efficiency, however passive heatsink efficiency fell below 55%. The active system’s voltage, current, and power output enhanced due to temperature regulation, making it appropriate for elevated temperature regions such as Malaysia. Both cooling techniques were influenced by wind speed, ambient temperature, and precipitation levels. The passive heatsink method is most effective in warmer environments with consistent airflow, whereas the active water-based cooling system is optimal in tropical regions with high sun radiation.