Software-Defined Networking: Transforming Modern Networks With Scalability, Automation, and Emerging Technologies

SDN technology is transforming network management by separating control and data functions to create better control and performance at lower costs. This research analyses SDN by explaining its fundamental principles and design elements while reviewing the SDN controller role and explaining switch and application functions. This paper explores how OpenFlow, NETCONF, and REST APIs help SDN components talk to each other. This research shows how SDN offers important advantages including managed control, programming tools, flexible growth and improved defense. We examine how SDN solves network challenges through data center use and cloud-based setups plus virtual network implementation alongside Internet of Things applications. Despite its benefits SDN encounters multiple security risks as well as scalability problems. We explore how SDN works with Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and 5G technology to expand its capabilities while looking at current trends in artificial intelligence and machine learning. The discussion ends by exploring future paths for SDN research and showing how it will transform network technology in the years ahead.