Estimation of Misalignment Angle and Amplitude-Phase Errors in Time-Modulated Arrays

Based on multi-angle measurements, this paper proposes a method for estimating the misalignment angle and the amplitude-phase errors in time-modulated arrays, which can be applied to array calibration. The coupling between spatial phase shifts induced by the misalignment angle and the inherent phase deviations of array channels often leads to inaccurate estimation of the true amplitude and phase errors in each channel using conventional calibration methods. By obtaining a combined term that incorporates both spatial phase shifts and array channels' amplitude-phase deviations through linear least squares estimation, the proposed method selects two symmetric measurement angles to accurately estimate the misalignment angle. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately estimate both the misalignment angle and the inherent amplitude-phase errors.