Quad-Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna with Three-PIN-Diode Configuration

In this paper, a quad-polarization reconfigurable antenna (QPRA) is realized using a dual-layered pixel antenna with only three PIN-diodes, marking the design with the fewest switching points achieved to date. Utilizing microwave network theory, the positions and states of the switching points, along with the statuses of other permanently open or shorted ports, are collectively optimized. A multi-objective optimization algorithm autonomously searches for the optimal antenna architecture, significantly reducing manual effort in the design process. The proposed design method potentially lowers the complexity and manufacturing cost of the reconfigurable antenna system, as it substantially reduces the use of PIN-diodes and the associated RF chokes.