Transforming Container Handling Efficiency: A Novel Genetic Algorithm Based Double Cycling Approach for Port Operations

Port terminals serve as vital economic engines, driving regional development by facilitating trade, creating employment, and enhancing connectivity within global supply chains. However, achieving optimal port performance remains a challenge, particularly in the context of container handling operations. Efficient ship, quay transfer, and container yard operations are essential to minimize vessel turnaround time and reduce logistics costs. A significant portion up to 60% of port performance is attributed to loading and unloading activities, which are often hindered by poor coordination among quay cranes, yard trucks, and storage systems. Inefficiencies such as the use of single cycle methods, excessive rehandling, and suboptimal equipment allocation contribute to operational delays and congestion. Recent studies suggest that integrated scheduling approaches such as dual cycling and hybrid optimization algorithms can significantly enhance terminal performance by reducing idle time and improving task synchronization. This study reviews the existing literature on container handling and operational strategies at container terminals to identify key trends, challenges, and optimization methods. The goal is to uncover research gaps and offer insights that support the development of more effective, integrated solutions for improving port efficiency and competitiveness in the global logistics network.