A 3-D Intracavitary Ultrasound System for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Measurement

Endoscopic removal of cerebral hematoma is an effective treatment modality associated with minimal trauma and fewer complications. Accurate intraoperative measurement of residual hematoma volume is essential for evaluating surgical outcomes and guiding subsequent treatment strategies. However, effective intraoperative approaches for precise localization and quantification of residual hematomas during endoscopic surgery remain limited. In this study, we propose a compact three-dimensional intracavitary ultrasound system that utilizes a helical scanning mechanism to rotate a side-view single-element transducer for the assessment of intracerebral hematomas. High-quality three-dimensional surface reconstruction is achieved using implicit neural networks, enabling accurate measurement of residual hematoma volume. Two irregular phantoms with known volumes of 6 mL and 7 mL were imaged using the proposed system. The reconstructed volumes were measured as 5.86 mL and 6.88 mL, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the system can assess hematoma volume and localize its position intraoperatively, thereby supporting the evaluation of surgical outcomes and informing subsequent treatment decisions.