IoT-Driven Precision Agriculture: Real-Time Soil Health and Irrigation Monitoring using Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

IoT and wireless sensor networks integration in agriculture allows the development of smart monitoring systems which track resource sustainability while providing real-time assessments. The research demonstrates an energy-efficient IoT-based framework for precision agriculture that assesses soil quality parameters while it uses adaptive irrigation controllers. The system organizes itself into three operational layers that include sensors for measuring soil parameters in addition to LoRa and ZigBee for extended-range power-efficient communication and an application component for cloud analysis and decision making. An edge preprocessing method using Kalman filters and adaptive sampling strategy enhances data reliability and diminishes energy usage during operation. Multiple field tests spanning various agricultural ecological regions reached accuracy measurements at 94.7% for moisture sensors and 96.5% for temperature sensors and 92.8% for pH sensors. This module showed water conservation at 30% higher than standard practices by achieving an 18.7% boost in crop productivity. High system uptime reached 97.6% while the data integrity level stood at 98.1% because of real-time dashboards and secure transmission methods. The research shows that sensor-based automation systems will convert traditional farming into effective data-centered operations to boost sustainability along with yield in agricultural production.