A Survey of Wireless Communication Positioning Algorithms in Confined Spaces

In response to the increasing demand for high-performance positioning technologies in the field of electronic information, wireless communication-based positioning algorithms have garnered significant research interest and practical adoption. These technologies exhibit strong potential in complex and constrained environments, such as indoor settings, underground spaces, and building clusters. However, existing algorithms continue to face notable limitations, particularly in terms of positioning accuracy and real-time performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the fundamental principles and technical characteristics of several representative algorithms, including Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Two-Way Ranging (TWR), and Symmetric Double-Sided Two-Way Ranging (SDS-TWR). The primary error sources and performance metrics associated with each method are thoroughly analyzed. In addition, the paper discusses the key challenges confronting wireless communicationbased positioning algorithms, especially those related to environmental interference and hardware constraints. Finally, it outlines prospective research directions aimed at enhancing the performance, robustness, and applicability of these algorithms in real-world scenarios.