Basics of Lithium‐Ion Battery Technology

Summary

Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy using an electrochemical oxidation–reduction (redox) reaction. Primary batteries are non‐rechargeable and rely on irreversible chemical reactions, making them suitable for single‐use applications like remote controls and flashlights.

In contrast, secondary batteries are rechargeable, using reversible chemical reactions that allow multiple charge–discharge cycles. They are commonly found in devices like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles, and examples include alkaline (primary) and lithium‐ion (secondary) batteries. The operation of secondary batteries involves two processes: discharge and charge. During the discharge process, a chemical reaction releases electrons, generating an electric current to power devices. Conversely, during charging, an external electrical current reverses this reaction, restoring the chemical state of the battery and enabling it to store energy for future use.

Batteries can be classified into different categories and types based on their chemical composition, size, form factor, and applications. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), a type of rechargeable battery, are widely favored for their lack of memory effect, high energy density, long cycle life, and low self‐discharge rate.