IoT-Enabled Smart Water Management System using ESP32 and RFID for Urban Applications

The growing global need for effective water management has led to the widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which enable real-time data collection, efficient resource usage, and continuous quality control. This paper offers an in-depth review of IoT-driven water management solutions, highlighting essential aspects such as usage monitoring, quality analysis, and automated distribution. The system proposed in this study utilizes advanced IoT hardware including the ESP32 microcontroller, pH sensors, RFID-based tracking systems, and automated water distribution units to enhance the management of water resources, especially in urban environments. Real-time usage is accurately monitored through integrated sensors, ensuring precise consumption tracking. To promote responsible water use, an RFID-based identification system records individual usage and supports automated billing for consumption that exceeds a set threshold. This feature encourages sustainable behavior and increases user accountability. Water quality is assessed continuously through a pH sensor that sends acidity data to the ESP32 controller. This data is then transmitted to a cloud interface or a user-accessible application via Blynk, allowing for real-time monitoring and immediate alerts if water quality falls outside safe parameters. The system also incorporates a motor driver and water pump, which adjust the water flow based on usage patterns and demand, reducing the need for manual oversight. By merging IoT technology with intelligent water management practices, this system optimizes water distribution, ensures consistent quality standards, and presents a flexible foundation for future improvements in both urban and industrial settings.