FAV2G: Fog-Based Authentication Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Network With Verilog Implementation

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is evolving quickly as it works both ways, with energy and information being exchanged between electric vehicles (EVs) and the power grid. However, existing authentication schemes of V2G systems tend to be computationally expensive and lack adequate security against advanced adversaries, which presents an important research gap in providing security and efficiency. This work tackles this gap by providing a secure and anonymous authentication scheme that incorporates a fog node and signature verification scheme to enable the efficient sharing of information. The fog node is also used to decrease the computational burden and to store commonly used EV information to provide low-latency transfer authentication across charging stations. Security analysis demonstrates the resilience of the protocol against replay attacks, sybil attacks, impersonation attacks, and other prevalent threats. Formal security analysis and verification are performed using the Real-or-Random (ROR) model and the Scyther tool. Performance evaluations show that the proposed scheme achieves a reduction in computational overhead up to 12.04% and a communication cost improvement of approximately 5.35% compared to existing methods, while maintaining a high service success ratio. Additionally, the protocol is practically realized through the design and implementation of a Synchronous Static Random Access Memory Comparator (SSRAMCOMP) authentication system using the Cadence environment with the GPDK 90 nm library, validating its feasibility and efficiency for real-world deployment.