A Maturity-Based Framework for Assessing the Level of Digitalization in Smart Grids

Smart grids rely not only on physical infrastructure but also on advanced digital technologies enabling real-time management, decentralized generation, and efficient energy management. Despite growing investments in these technologies, assessing the level of digitalization across smart grids remains a challenge. This paper proposes a framework for assessing digitalization, using multidimensional indicators across five key domains: grid automation, customer integration, data analytics, cybersecurity, and market interfaces. Each domain is assessed on a five-level scale, from basic to fully digitalized performance. The proposed methodology is validated through three case studies from Europe: a regional operator in Bulgaria, an urban operator in the Czech Republic, and a large Western European operator. The results highlight variations in digitalization maturity, with key gaps identified in customer integration and market interfaces. The assessment emphasizes strategic priorities and key digital gaps that need to be addressed in the context of the EU’s energy transition.