Perovskites – The Game Changer in Solar Energy: Progress and Challenges

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly emerged as a leading candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technology, achieving single-junction efficiencies from below 4% to over 26% in just a decade - approaching the performance of established silicon solar cells. Exceptional optoelectronic properties, Earth-abundant composition, and solution-processability of perovskite material offer strong potential for producing lowcost, high-efficiency solar devices. However, key challenges - particularly long-term operational stability, scalable manufacturing, and environmental risks related to lead content - must be addressed to enable widespread adoption. Recent advances in material engineering, interfacial design, and encapsulation strategies provide promising pathways toward improved durability and commercial readiness. The future of perovskite photovoltaics will depend on overcoming these limitations while leveraging their inherent advantages for next-generation applications, such as building-integrated and flexible solar technologies. As research progresses from laboratory-scale demonstrations to industrial deployment, the ability to resolve these challenges will ultimately determine whether perovskites can fulfill their potential to reshape the global solar energy landscape.