Design and Implementation of Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART): A Review

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) continues to be a fundamental element of serial communication within embedded systems and IoT, valued for its straightforwardness and efficiency. Recent implementations, especially those utilizing Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), exhibit remarkable improvements in both performance and adaptability. These initiatives highlight the effective design and application of robust UART systems using hardware description languages like Verilog HDL and VHDL to reach high clock speeds, surpassing 200 MHz in some instances. Essential components include a thorough implementation of protocols, which covers baud rate settings, data frame structuring, and parity configurations, along with extensive simulation and verification processes. Moreover, the incorporation of RS232 interfaces and the investigation of microprogrammed controllers underscore the various applications and implementation strategies of UART, reinforcing its ongoing significance in contemporary digital communication.