Underwater communication system technologies

Due to the unique characteristics of the marine environment, underwater wireless communication (UWC) technologies face significant challenges and are less effective compared to terrestrial and aerial communication systems. The main technologies used for UWC are acoustic, electromagnetic, and optical wave-based systems. Same type of waves can be used for underwater detection. The major challenges in the field of UWC are the limited bandwidth, the propagation delay, the low data rate, the increased bit error rate (BER), and the high background noise. This survey presents an overview of the existing UWC technologies, and outlines potential future directions and recommendations for the development of next-generation UWC systems in underwater environments.