Pop-up Design and Viewpoint Effects on Perceptual Efficiency and User Preference in Digital Twin Path Planning

Digital twin path planning interfaces face significant challenges in balancing information clarity and user experience under spatial constraints. This study establishes a causal framework connecting pop-up design strategies and viewpoint dynamics to perceptual efficiency and user preference. Through controlled experiments comparing three interaction paradigms— Inline-Persistent, Hover-Tooltip, and Click-SidePanel—across overhead and first-person viewpoints, we deploy a novel five-dimensional evaluation model extending ISO usability standards.Data from 50 participants reveal a critical viewpoint-dependent divergence: Persistent in-context annotations significantly outperform alternatives in immersive first-person tasks, while detached panels excel in overview contexts. A behavioral-weighted fusion model further quantifies the cognitive-ergonomic trade-offs, yielding adaptive design principles for industrial digital twins that prioritize task-context alignment over universal solutions.