Smart Fault Diagnosis with Deep Learning for Predictive Maintenance

Deep learning has emerged as a game-changing approach in anomaly detection, fault diagnosis, and predictive maintenance ($\mathbf{P d M}$), particularly in industrial contexts. These fields involve identifying unusual behaviors, diagnosing faults, and predicting equipment health to ensure operational efficiency. Deep learning surpasses traditional methods in accuracy and scalability by leveraging advanced architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and attention-based models. This paper explores state-of-the-art techniques for anomaly detection, fault diagnosis, and PdM, emphasizing supervised and unsupervised approaches. We highlight key applications in industries such as manufacturing, automotive, and energy, showcasing how these methods optimize maintenance schedules, reduce downtime, and enhance safety. The challenges of data scarcity, imbalance, interpretability, and high computational requirements are also addressed, alongside strategies like domain adaptation and hybrid modeling. Furthermore, the paper examines emerging trends, including IoT integration, edge computing, federated learning, and explainable AI, which promise to make PdM systems more robust and adaptable. We discuss ongoing research directions and open challenges, offering insights into the future of deep learning in predictive maintenance.