Viable System Model for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Electricity Operation in Indonesian Rural Communities

This study examines the application of the Viable System Model (VSM) to enhance the sustainability and resilience of off-grid solar-powered electricity systems in rural Indonesian communities. Centered on the “Berbagi Listrik” initiative—a social innovation program providing affordable and sustainable energy solutions to underserved regions—the research explores how VSM principles, including decentralization, adaptability, and community engagement, address operational and maintenance challenges. The findings demonstrate that training residents, establishing management committees, and adopting decentralized governance frameworks significantly improved the functionality and longevity of the systems. By employing an action research methodology, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of how VSM can serve as an effective diagnostic and operational tool for renewable energy projects in remote areas. The insights generated contribute to advancing rural electrification efforts and inform policymakers and practitioners seeking to implement sustainable energy solutions in similar contexts.