A Comparative Review on Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using Saliva

Glucose is a vital component in various physiological processes, primarily serving as the body's main energy source. Irregular glucose levels are linked to several medical conditions, most notably diabetes. Therefore, accurately measuring glucose concentrations in bodily fluids is crucial for effective health monitoring. While traditional methods such as blood tests and, more recently, portable interstitial fluid tests are widely used for glucose detection, they are often invasive and inconvenient. These invasive techniques can be burdensome for both patients and healthcare systems. This review focuses on noninvasive methods for glucose monitoring, particularly the use of saliva as an alternative to blood-based testing. Additionally, it explores different techniques aimed at improving accuracy, along with the challenges associated with their implementation.