Measuring Dark Currents in Multiple Cryogenic SiPMs With Sub-pA Sensitivity Using an Automated I–V Multiplexer

We present the design of an automated current–voltage (I–V) multiplexer (MUX) that enables accurate measurement of the dark current in cryogenic silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), achieving a sensitivity equivalent to detecting less than one avalanche per second. Dynamic pulse-counting measurements were used as a benchmark for reconstructing the dark current in static I–V measurements. The IV-MUX features 15 channels on a single board, and up to seven boards can be connected in parallel under the control of one Arduino microcontroller. To minimize leakage and enhance performance, the layout includes guard rings and high-isolation relays, enabling resolution of currents as small as 49 fA. The IV-MUX can be integrated into systems designed for I–V or pulse-counting measurements, enabling seamless switching between I–V and pulse-counting modes. Moreover, the IV-MUX is vacuum compatible, validated by testing an SiPM array in a cryostat. This feature reduces the need for multiple feedthroughs when testing sensor arrays in a vacuum. The design is open source and can be used to facilitate rapid and automated testing of SiPMs or similar low-current devices in one measurement cycle.