Optimal Planning and Operation of BESS Charging/Discharging Under Corporate PPA With BCP Considerations

The increasing adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems has intensified the challenges in managing output fluctuations. Although corporate power purchase agreements (CPPAs) offer long-term renewable energy procurement, research on integrated on/off-site energy management, business continuity planning (BCP)-compliant frameworks, and optimal battery energy storage system (BESS) operations within CPPA models remains limited. This study proposes a CPPA business model for three customer types, each equipped with on-site PV systems, a BESS, and access to an off-site solar power plant with additional BESS. An algorithm is developed to generate optimal day-ahead planned power flows (PPFs) while considering BCP requirements and managing real-time BESS operations. The model comprises: 1) on-site CPPA for direct power supply and 2) off-site CPPA, enabling remote energy supply from a solar power plant and facilitating power sharing among customers. The algorithm employs multi-objective optimization to minimize grid dependence, maximize surplus electricity sales, and balance PV utilization with revenue maximization through a weighting coefficient. A lower coefficient increases PV utilization, whereas a higher value increases revenue. Simulation results demonstrate that optimal BESS operations effectively reduce PV generation prediction errors, reduce reverse power flow, fulfill PPF requirements, and ensure BCP compliance with approximately 97.5% backup power reliability, irrespective of weighting coefficient. The optimal coordination of on-site and off-site CPPAs enhances local consumption of PV-generated electricity while aligning power transactions with market prices to maximize revenue. These findings provide insight into the developing advanced business models and algorithms for CPPA projects and PV plant operators, particularly in post-feed-in tariff (FIT) agreements.