Modeling Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Under High-Power Pulsed Loads

The increasing demand for high-power applications, such as naval energy systems, necessitates robust lithiumion battery models that accurately capture both Beginning-ofLife (BoL) performance and long-term degradation. This paper presents a physics-based modeling framework for lithium-ion batteries, incorporating an aging model calibrated using highpower experimental testing. A pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical model was developed in COMSOL ® and validated against experimental single-cell data across multiple C rates and temperatures. To account for degradation, a simplified volume fraction reduction model was introduced to represent the loss of lithium inventory (LLI) due to film resistance growth, which is a dominant aging mechanism under highpower pulsed loading conditions. Aging model validation was conducted using a 10P1S module, where simulations were compared against long-term experimental cycling data. The proposed model serves as a foundation for virtual module-level simulations, enabling investigations into cell-to-cell variations and state-of-health (SoH) estimation methodologies.