Next-Gen Aviation: Who Will Rule the Skies—Hydrogen or Electric?—A Review

In pursuit of net-zero aviation by 2050, fully electric and hydrogen-fueled aircraft have emerged as two leading pathways to decarbonize the aviation sector. This study examines the pathways of fully electric and hydrogen-fueled aircraft as potential solutions for achieving net-zero aviation by 2050. Through a systematic literature review, we evaluate the energy efficiency, storage requirements, infrastructure needs, and environmental impacts associated with each technology. Our findings indicate that electric aircraft offer immediate advantages for short-haul operations, including reduced operating costs and compatibility with existing infrastructure; however, the low energy density of batteries currently limits their potential. Conversely, hydrogen propulsion holds promise for long-range flights due to its high energy content, but it necessitates advancements in liquid hydrogen storage, distribution, and green hydrogen production for practical implementation. This analysis offers valuable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers aiming to advance sustainable aviation technologies.