LiDAR-Based Quadrotor Autonomous Inspection System in Cluttered Environments

In recent years, autonomous uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has seen rapid advancements, significantly improving operational efficiency and mitigating risks associated with manual tasks in domains such as industrial inspection, agricultural monitoring, and search-and-rescue missions. Despite these developments, existing UAV inspection systems encounter two critical challenges: limited reliability in complex, unstructured, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-denied environments, and a pronounced dependency on skilled operators. To overcome these limitations, this study presents a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based UAV inspection system employing a dual-phase workflow: human-in-the-loop inspection and autonomous inspection. During the human-in-the-loop phase, untrained pilots are supported by autonomous obstacle avoidance, enabling them to generate 3-D maps, specify inspection points, and schedule tasks. Inspection points are then optimized using the traveling salesman problem (TSP) to create efficient task sequences. In the autonomous phase, the quadrotor autonomously executes the planned tasks, ensuring safe and efficient data acquisition. Comprehensive field experiments conducted in various environments, including slopes, landslides, agricultural fields, factories, and forests, confirm the system’s reliability and flexibility. Results reveal significant enhancements in inspection efficiency, with autonomous operations reducing trajectory length by up to 40% and flight time by 57% compared to human-in-the-loop operations. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed system to enhance UAV-based inspections in safety-critical and resource-constrained scenarios.