IoT-based Water Quality Monitoring using ESP32

Water quality monitoring is crucial for public health, agriculture, and industry, as it helps detect contaminants like heavy metals and harmful chemicals that cause waterborne diseases. Safe water ensures a healthy lifestyle, efficient agriculture, and smooth industrial operations. Early detection of pollutants reduces their impact, making monitoring essential. With advancements in sensor technologies and IoT, accuracy and efficiency have significantly improved. This research utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller with sensors to measure temperature, turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) in water samples. The low-cost, energy-efficient ESP32 enhances accessibility for smart water management applications. By integrating ESP32 with IoT, real-time monitoring becomes more efficient, ensuring safer water resources. This study builds a hand-held Internet of Things (IoT) node that tracks three key indicators in real time: temperature, turbidity, and total dissolved solids. An ESP32 polls sensors every ninety seconds, calibrates the readings, and posts them through Wi-Fi to a PHP server. A web dashboard and Android view display live charts and year-long trends. Field trials on tap, pond, and saline water resulted Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) of 0.7°C, 0.5 NTU, and 17 ppm when compared with commercial meters, and furthermore, delay stays below three seconds. The board draws 0.4 W, so a 2,000 mAh power bank runs it for two days. These results show that a low-cost ESP32 system can deliver continuous, accurate water-quality data to households, farms, and small plants without skilled staff or bulky kits.