Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage: Efficiency, Scalability, and Sustainability Perspectives

With the rapidly increasing power demand day by day, due to urbanization and economic growth, the world is moving towards the expansion of renewable energy as a part of a sustainable energy future. This increasing penetration of renewable energy necessitates the usage of a storage solution due to intermittency. This paper compares two widely used energy storage solutions in electrical power system networks: battery energy storage and hydrogen energy storage. The analysis examines factors such as size, technology, energy density, usability, and cost. Recent trends indicate that both storage solutions have unique challenges and suitable applications. As a result, neither is universally superior, and selection must be made on a case-by-case basis. This paper also compares storage solutions across key factors like efficiency, scalability, infrastructure, and use cases to provide a better understanding and selection of these storage systems.