Blockchain and IoT-Enabled Monitoring System Network for Distributed Hybrid Green Energy Using Federated Learning

Electrical energy controlled through the Internet is an innovative distributed technology that enables decentralized energy systems, termed the “Internet of Energy (IoE)”. The rapid evolution of cutting-edge technologies in distributed “Federated Learning (FL)” over blockchain architectures and smart contracts has unlocked new possibilities for implementing decentralized Energy through Internet services. This paper scrutinizes and classifies the latest advancements that leverage Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and Federated Learning (FL) for the IoE. The proposed system establishes a continuous information-gathering network to monitor and facilitate the sharing of distributed renewable energy, particularly in geographically challenging regions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, pico-hydropower, and wind energy are some renewable sources. To enable efficient data collection and processing, a “Raspberry Pi” microcontroller board is employed, serving as an “Edge Node (EN)”. This node consists of an inbuilt WLAN (Wi-Fi) module, an output terminal voltage sensor, and load current sensors, ensuring essential support for the power generation unit. These Internet of Things (IoT)-based nodes are strategically positioned within a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), contributing to the IoE ecosystem. The proposed models illustrate diverse ways Blockchain, Automated Digital Contracts, and Federated Learning can seamlessly integrate to enhance the primary domains of IoE, specifically decentralized energy-generating systems. Additionally, this network introduces a decentralized collaborative model training approach to predict the green power generation capacity of distributed hybrid renewable energy-generating units.