A Resilience Evaluation Framework for Smart Construction Sites Using the 4M1E-STAMP Approach and Cloud Model

In response to the global increase in construction safety incidents and the intertwined challenges of dynamism, complexity, and uncertainty in smart site safety management, this study proposes a resilience evaluation framework that integrates system-theoretic accident model and processes (STAMP), the man, machine, material, method, environment methodology (4M1E), and the cloud model. A Delphi-based approach is employed to construct a 26-indicator system across four dimensions: personnel, machinery, construction process, and environment. Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory-adversarial interpretive structural modeling (DEMATEL-AISM) method is then applied to identify the key driving factors and hierarchical causal paths. Finally, a cloud model is employed to quantitatively characterize the resilience levels of individual subsystems. The findings identify key indicators and their interaction pathways that are crucial for improving safety resilience in smart construction sites. The proposed evaluation framework is validated for effectiveness and offers an optimized path for resilience system development. This study provides a systematic and adaptive methodological foundation, contributing both theoretical innovation and practical guidance for the standardized advancement of smart site safety management.