Efficient Vehicle-fog-Cloud Anonymous Authentication and Group Key Agreement Scheme Based on QRNG in VANETs

In Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), efficient anonymous authentication and group key update schemes have always been a focal point of research. However, there remains significant room for improvement in ensuring privacy protection as well as the security and efficiency of key distribution. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient anonymous authentication and group key agreement scheme for vehicle-fog-cloud systems based on quantum random numbers. In this scheme: 1) The anonymous authentication of vehicles is generated by combining random numbers from the vehicle and the Trusted Authority (TA), thereby achieving privacy protection for vehicles during the registration and authentication process; 2) A method for generating and updating a group key is designed. By sharing Chebyshev chaotic mapping parameters, the vehicle and the RSU independently compute session keys, and the tasks of the group key calculation and updating are offloaded to the Road Side Unit (RSU), enabling the group key to update rapidly. This scheme ensures one-time encryption while achieving forward and backward security. Through security analysis and real-vehicle testing, the security and feasibility of the proposed scheme are demonstrated. Furthermore, compared to other schemes, as the number of vehicles increases, the computational overhead at the vehicle and TA remain almost unchanged, while the signaling overhead is reduced by nearly half.