Optimal Ship-to-Grid Dispatch Considering Battery Thermal and Voltage Electrochemical-Thermal-Coupled Constraints

This letter proposes an optimal ship-to-grid (S2G) dispatch model of electric ships (ESs) coupling onshore and/or offshore wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with shore-to-ship and/or offshore floating charging stations so that the shipboard battery energy storage system (BESS) can help to smooth out variable WECS output. Thermal and voltage constraints of battery cells based on the electrochemical-thermal-coupled model enable fast charging to full capacity in the constant-current (CC) charging mode while remaining within battery operational limits. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed optimal S2G dispatch solution is physically realizable and fully satisfies the battery charging needs of ESs within thermal security constraints.