Single-scattering radar cross section of the ocean surface without the small-slope and height assumptions

This paper presents a new analysis of the first-order radar cross section (RCS) of highly conductive random surfaces, with a particular focus on the ocean surface characterized by large roughness scales and non-negligible slopes in the high-frequency band. Employing a generalized-function approach, we derive the operator equation governing the electric field over the ocean surface. Building upon previous research and incorporating a vertical-pulsed dipole source, our methodology also accounts for the time-varying nature of ocean surfaces. By introducing explicit factors for height and surface slope into the scattering field expressions, we obtain an enhanced first-order bistatic RCS formulation. This approach alleviates restrictions inherent in traditional perturbation-based methods, particularly under extreme wave conditions, and thus offers improved potential for interpreting remote sensing data of the ocean surface.