Flexibility of Blue Light LED Arrays for Neonatal Jaundice Phototherapy: A Case Study of Indirect Measurement

Phototherapy is a widely accepted treatment for neonatal jaundice (NNJ), primarily aimed at reducing levels of unconjugated bilirubin in newborns. The efficacy of phototherapy is influenced by several factors, including the light spectrum used, irradiance level, and exposed surface area of the infant [1], [2]. Numerous studies have explored the effectiveness and safety of various phototherapy devices and light sources. Vreman et al. [3] demonstrated a novel blue light-emitting device using high-intensity gallium nitride light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that was both more effective and safer than conventional phototherapy. Emphasizing the need for effective phototherapy in resource-limited settings, Bhutani et al. [4] highlighted the advantages of using blue-light wavelengths with a peak emission around 450 ± 20 nm and an irradiance of ≥30 µ W/cm²/nm. Shirzadfar et al. [5] reviewed various phototherapy devices and determined that blue light in the range of 450–495 nm (with an optimal range of 400–520 nm) was the most effective. Nabizath et al. [6] introduced a new device design using an array of blue and white LEDs, designed to minimize radiation exposure to the eyes and off-target tissues of neonates. LED and cold-light phototherapy have recently gained considerable attention for treating NNJ. However, a limitation of blue-light use is its potential to penetrate the cornea and lens, potentially damaging the retina.