Newtonized DOA Estimation for UCA Underwater Acoustic Localization System

Underwater acoustic localization systems are crucial for the navigation and localization of underwater vehicles in marine exploration. However, the underwater acoustic localization systems are often limited by robustness and accuracy constraints. In this study, we employ a uniform-circular-array (UCA) and utilize the conventional direction-of-arrival (DOA) technique with an optimization-based Newtonized method to achieve enhanced accuracy. Moreover, by applying a modification based on the three-sigma rule, the performance of the proposed DOA estimation method is verified to converge to the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). This method provides a Newtonized DOA estimation for UCA systems, significantly improving the performance of underwater acoustic localization.